Surveying traverse surveying traverse distance traverse methods of computing area a simple method that is useful for rough area estimates is a graphical method in this method, the traverse is plotted to scale on graph paper, and the number of squares inside the traverse are counted a d c b distance traverse methods of computing area a c. In surveying,chainage is the measurement of horizon. At the end of this experiment, student acquires knowledge about. Tallies are provided at every 2m of the chain for quick reading.
Viewer has to keep in mind that this video only shows the basics of chain surveying observation in field, it also. Each group was expected to submit a detailed report besides the final plan. The chain is composed of 100 or150 pieces of galvanized mild steel were 4mm in diameter called links. A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a whole. There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. Aug 29, 2015 linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. Survey of a given area by prismatic compass closed traverse and plotting after adjustment.
Chain surveying report surveying measurement scribd. Equipments theodolite ranging rods levelling staff tape procedure 1. This section summarizes the testexperiment or it gives us an overview. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. Department of civil engineering lab manual surveying 1 lab b. Technical terms used in chain surveying survey stations these are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting point and the end point of the survey line. To determine the relative positions of the existing futures of the ground. Surveying lab ii manual department of civil engineering b. These types of chains comes in many lengths such as 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters. This procedure varies with the experiment given to students. Sep 09, 2016 demonstration of chain surveying related to field work and office work.
Survey of an area by chain surveyclosed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. Survey of an area by chain survey closed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. In this type of surveying plotting of the plan and field observations can be done simultaneously. Angles of triangles must not be less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. By extension, chainage running distance is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. Purpose of surveying in the field of civil engineering.
But when the area is large, undulating and crowded with many details, triangulation which is the principle of chain survey is not possible. Sometimes a special joint or a tally marker is attached every 5 metres. Triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with only measurement of sides to enclose an area. Department of civil engineering kct college of engineering. Pdf land surveying using auto level, leveling staff and. This article includes the definition of traverse surveying along with its classification, errors in traversing, checks, the completed method of traversing and plotting of traverse survey. Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of plats and surveys maryland state highway administration revised and edited november,2001. Determination of two inaccessible points with compass\r4. Dhanalakshmi college of engineering tambaram, chennai. Chain survey is the simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises. Radiation, intersection methods of plane table surveying. Surveying is made up of various specializations known as. The principle involved in chain survey is of triangulation.
The ends of chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain. Recording and analysing obtained readings using autocad and excel. At the end of this experiment, student acquires knowledge about the chain and tape and accessories used for chain surveying 1. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing. This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using. Land surveying using auto level, leveling staff and theodolite.
Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and advantages. Types of surveying on the basis of whether the curvature of the earth is taken into account or not, surveying can be divided into two main categories. The distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite. But when the area is large, undulated and crowded with many details, triangulation which is the principle of chain survey is not possible. After participating in this fieldwork students will become more comfortable with handling chain and ranging rods. This lab course comprises of twelve experiments which are intended to make the students to understand and gain familiarity with latest surveying techniques. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. This method is suitable for fairly level ground covering small areas. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. Because of its ease of use, it is used during reconnaissance survey as a quick method of surveying to get a rough idea in the location to be surveyed. The gunters chain known also as the surveyors chain, which is 20 m long and divided into 100 links.
Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and advantages chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Chain surveying is the basic and oldest type of surveying. The study consists of principles of survey, theodolite survey. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Experiment no 6 determination of constants of tacheometer objective to determine the multiplying constant and additive constant of the given theodolite. Chain a chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Determine of distance between two inaccessible points with compass 23 11. Demonstration of chain surveying related to field work and office work.
Traverse surveying definition, types, methods, checks. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. S tudy of vario sinstruments ed in chain rveying and heir uses instruments. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned.
Survey of a given area by prismatic compass \closed tr\ averse\ and\rplotting after adjustment\r5. The chain and tape and accessories used for chain surveying has been studied fully. Topographic surveying chain and tape survey introduction. Feb 11, 2017 the chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines are fixed by tie lines and check lines. Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Central polytechnic college thiruvananthapuram date. Distance measurement measuring wheels distance measurement taping or chaining for centuries engineers have measured distances with ropes, lines, or cords the term chaining is a carryover from the time when the gunter chain was used 1600s gunters chain was designed and introduced. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. Chains or tapes are used to measure distances on the field. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. Chain, ranging rod, arrows, crossstaff, metallic survey tape theory.
Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. Usually, a chain has a total length of 20 metres, including one handle at each end. The ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a. Hence, in chain survey area to be plotted should be covered with a network of triangles. Stretch the chain in the field and drive pegs at 10m, 20m interval. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. The relative positions of points are located by means of measuring distances, directions and angles accurately with the help of various surveying instruments. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. Traverse surveying is a popular method of surveying. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Jordan university of science and technology department of.
Linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. Instruments used in chain survey chain, 20m or 30m long tape arrows ranging rods wooden or iron pegs plumb bob cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions above, on or below the earths surface. This is most suitably adapted to small plane areas with very few details.
This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Radiation, intersection methods of plane table surveying \r6. Procedure for surveying the given open field closed traverse. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. Surveying lab manual pdf surveying 1 lab manual pdf. Following are the various types of chain in common use. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. To survey an open field by chain survey in order to calculate the area of the open field. In chain surveying, the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles. The magnetic bearing of a line measured clockwise or anticlockwise from np or sp whichever is nearer to the line towards the east or west is known as qb. Simply, chainage is nothing except the measurement using the chain. Crossstaff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i. Theodolite, leveling staff, tape or chain, pegs, plumb bob.
Compass surveying chain surveying can be used when the area to be surveyed is comparatively small and is fairly flat. Determination of two inaccessible points with compass. Survey practical ii laboratory manual list of experiments 1 study of parts. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The method that will be used to obtain the plan of the building is the traverse method. In case of plane table surveying geometrical conditions of site are manuscript in the map sheet using plane table and alidade after that topographic details. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob hangs directly above the point on the ground. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to.
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire, 4mm in diameter called links. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Here, by the word chain i actually mean to series i. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Study of theodolite in detail practice for measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet 22 yards. April 2004 figure 1 the three main types of levels.
Tallies are fixed at every fivemeter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. In chain surveying, only linear measurements are made i. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. To layout our marked positions of proposed structures on the ground. Sep 15, 2019 surveying lab manual pdf surveying 1 lab manual pdf file please download the surveying lab manua. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. The end of each link is bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings which afford flexibility to the chain and make it less liable to become kinked. Mar, 2018 chain surveying with all equipment chain,arrow,pegs,ranging rod,offset rod duration. A closed traverse is constructed around the building as shown in the above figure. Equipment used to find the area using chain surveying. A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances.
In such an area, the method of traversing is adopted. It measured one chain by one furlong totaling 10 square chains. In general, surveying is performed to determine the relative location or positioning of points on or near the earths surface. Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in india. It is suitable for survey small areas in open grounds to obtain measurements for plotting exact description of boundaries of piece of land or for taking. The plane table surveying is the fast method of surveying. Chain surveying project description of the project required is to obtain and draw a horizontal plan of a building as this shown in the figure above by chain surveying.
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